托福机经预测
2015年11月8日托福真题回顾
听力
对话1：办公室场景
学生说学校的anthropology department 很好，所以尽管university在家乡，她还是愿意在这里上学，然后学生找教授希望能写一封推荐信好帮助她在暑假的时候找到一份summer job，就类似于之前在教授出差在Mexico的时候，她帮助教授看房子这样的工作，教授觉得可以，然后说他现在缺一个assistant(anthropology方面)，你不介意的话就给我帮忙，还带薪水。学生一口答应了，因为她这样不仅可以自己在外面打工，还可以跟教授一起做事情。教授最后说，那你记得去跟秘书去预约一个appointment，这样我可以详细跟你谈谈工作的事情。
讲座1 经济学
讲解酶这个东西在fabric industry的应用。以牛仔裤为例：很久以前人们买裤子只有dark blue没有那种水洗之类的风格，后来制作商发现，水洗风格很受大家欢迎，于是开始着手生产水洗牛仔裤。最初的办法是一种stone来制造，但是发现这种东西除了能制造出水洗的风格，还会刮烂裤子，所以不太好。然后，他们采用acid来制造水洗效果，但是acid有毒，同时对环境污染大，环保agency总是用法律来制裁这些公司，搞得生产成本增高。最后就用酶来制造水洗效果，同样也需要一个wash的过程，但是更环保，成本更低。
讲座2：天文学
球形闪电：球形闪电和一般的闪电不一样，可以持续10s乃至更长时间，同时可以在地面出现。然后教授就开始讲述几种关于球形闪电形成的猜想：
第一种：人们认为球形闪电是charged plasma，但后来发现，如果是plasma的话，没办法解释。为什么球形闪电出现在地表，同时还不能解释一个现象。
第二种：人们觉得是silicon vapor球形闪电主要是由于细小的charged silicon粒子，然后科学家们在实验室里面就用这个理念合成出球形闪电。这种人工球形闪电可以持续8s跟自然界的差不太多，所以很好的支持了silicon vapor的理论。但是后来又发现有些时候球形闪电可以直接穿墙而过，比如飞机的在天上飞行，球形闪电可以直接穿过它的金属外壳，所以教授说，或许球形闪电其实还可以由其他的粒子组成，比如铝(aluminum)。
结尾教授讨论了一下，观察球形闪电的事情，因为球形闪电很难看到，不像一般闪电，用一架照相机就可以研究，所以很多人甚至认为球形闪电是一种optical illusion，但是教授觉得仅仅只是因为资料太少，所以研究才比较缓慢。
对话2:学生服务场景
一个英语专业的学生想搞bio research，然后就去一个地方找老师问关于research的scholarship的事情。老师说research一般在另外一个学校进行，因为那里靠海，比较好做bio research。后来老师发现这个学生居然是英语专业的，问他为什么要做bio research，学生说我喜欢写scientific writing，老师说，一般让外专业学生来做research不合适，但要学生问问dean，dean管这个事情。同时还能给他建议，然后说给学生安排一个下周的见面。学生说一定会好好解释，不让dean觉得我浪费时间。
讲座3: 生物学讲座
讲鱼是怎么进化成陆地爬行动物，教授先说发现一个足迹的track，这个track可以追溯到375-395billion年以前，这比人们普遍认为的鱼向爬行动物生物进化的年代还要早了20 million年。所以这个发现challenge人们对于鱼进化的成陆地生物的时间。接着教授讲了一种生物，她们没有那种bony的结构，但是由lung，所以这种生物花更多时间在水外面，另外这种生物不像一般的鱼有一种C开头的结构，所以她们的neck更加flexible更利于陆地生存。然后教授又说一种E开头的水中生物，后面的大致描述了E生物的脚跟一般水中生物脚不同，她们的leg更像陆地生物具体什么的，然后教授说应该是T生物是从E生物进化来的，但是化石evidence发现T比E更久远，所以E不是T的祖先。这时候学生说或许只是因为T更久远的化石没有背发现而已。教授说：有可能，所以我们一开始说的哪个track的事情很可能是人们没发现更久远的陆生生物化石而已，然后教授又接着说了一种生物，她们有leg就像陆地生物一样，但是leg的position长的有问题，所以没办法支撑她们在陆地上行走。
讲座4: 心理学
研究情绪在经济学中的作用。教授一开始说，一般的经济模型是不考虑情绪的作用，她们一直认为人是rational的，所以在卖东西的时候不会受情绪的影响。同时教授终点提到了一个人，这个人在经济学领域很有影响力，但是他否定情绪的作用，所以情绪长期以来被忽略了，但现在很多人开始研究情绪了。
首先人买东西有两种下决定的方式：一个是integral，另一个是incidental。前一种直接与choice本身挂钩。然后学生就按照老师的思路开始举例说：情绪可以影响人的行为，首先一个女生说生气的人appreciate risky比一般人的更好，后来另外一个男生说sad的人更容易花钱，这个学生描述了一个research研究者给参加的人看video，一组人看neutral 的片子，一组人看sad 的片子，然后让他们做一个花钱测试，后来发现看sad片子的人花钱多，另外就算研究者告诉看sad片子的人她们花更多的钱是受了sad片子的影响，她们大多不相信offend this idea。
写作
综合写作： Chacoans部落修路的原因
阅读：
1. 用于货物运输，促进经济、适应环境；
2. 西南部美国人有着“北方崇拜”的宗教信仰，把“北方”作为主方向；
3. 修路是用来军事防御的，可以让军队快速通过。
听力反驳：
1. 过去没有交通工具，基本上都是靠走路来运送货物。如果是走路，一米宽的路就足够了，但是这条路有十米宽，所以不是用来运输货物的；
2. 没有证据表明Chacoans部落和西南部有着相同的宗教信仰，所以不可信；
3. 这样的路军队能用，敌军也能用，这样反而会加速战争的失败。
独立写作：
The school has been funding for students to participate in different types of activities, but this year, since the lack of money, the school will fund one activity, which one do you think is the one the school should fund: sports, arts and volunteering (help development of community)?
是否新题：是
题材：教育类
观点：把资金用在艺术上
写作思路：
1. 参与高质量的艺术活动可以帮助学生全面发展。学生需要花很长时间学习一项艺术技能，在学习过程中，他会学到解决问题的能力，以及各种宝贵人生经验，比如坚持，动手能力等等；
2. 把资金用在艺术活动上有益于学习的长期发展。如果学校有很好的艺术声誉，就能吸引学生或家长的注意力，甚至是全国的名声。
范文：
In recent years, more and more parents and educators have begun to accept the philosophy that the diversity of extracurricular activities is same important as quality of academic education. Given the uncertainty over the school’s financial prospect, I am inclined to the option of allocating most of the budget concerned with student activities to arts. The activities not only can benefit students to form a positive attitude toward life, funding the art programs can also contribute to the development of school in the long term.
First of all, participating in high quality and resourceful arts helps the students to become well-rounded. It often takes months for a student to acquaint himself with an art skill. In the process of completing an art project, the hands-on experience not only can hone the student’s problem-solving ability, the activity also teaches valuable life lessons such as teamwork, goal-setting, the realities of dealing with success and failure and the significance of practicing to become an expert. As a result, the student will be aware of the fact that the quality of perseverance is the key of mastering a skill regardless of fine arts, music or dance. Indeed, the student’s personality will be fully developed by acquiring the do-it-yourself ability and knowing that the continued effort will reward you with the achievement of your goal.
What is more, making investment in arts is conducive to the school’s prosperity and sustainable development in the long term. When a school encounters financial difficulty, it should focus on how to increase its revenue rather than reducing expenditure. The school with excellent arts is likely to attract attention from local parents and students who are interested in art programs. If the school carries on the investment, it may acquire influence spreading across the country. In the event of winning national reputation, the efforts can culminate in substantial monetary gains as parents will be willing to donate a large sum of endowments in order to win a place for their children in the school. As a result, it will be a natural course of action that the issue of lack of funds no longer troubles the school.
In conclusion, taken the benefits discussed above into consideration, I support the idea that the school should allocate most of its capital to arts.
阅读
第一篇
youngsun paradox,太阳光以前没有那么亮后来逐年变亮，按道理说地球应该很冷到那时地球以前也有液态水，然后就说是然后有人说这和地球上的life有关， 他们自己就形成了一个系统能够自动调节气候。大致是光合作用greenhouse effect之类，阻止地面反弹的辐射重新回到太空，这种机制被叫做GIGA，GIGA的意思是希腊中的神，类似于万物之母的意思，后面就开始说这个效应也不是万能的，最后说这个理论还是比较合理的。
第二篇
首先定义有机物和无机物，然后说其实开始是不分的， 直到1810年科学家才开始这么分类，以前都是按照动物、植物来划分。然后说虽然科学家很想研究有机物，但是其实当他们研究无机物的吋候获得的成就更多一些，这是因为自然界存在很多纯净的无机物，比如说硫，然后讲了一个实验，科学家烧了无机物得到各种气体固体还有液体之类的，然后通过实验研究气体的质量和数量来了解它的构成。
第三篇
14世纪欧洲经济的衰退。首先因为气温变低，虽然就低了那么几度，但是稍微一点温度的变化都会对农业产生很大的影响，由于气温低了影响了农业，农作物产量就会下降，农民的生活就变得很惨，于是就拿不出钱， 农业不好，资本又少了。然后因为东亚一个M帝国的崛起，M重视信仰轻视商业，因此欧洲向亚洲的贸易之路就逐渐衰退了，他们开始向大西洋和非洲发展。
这次考试的托福阅读词汇题：
prerequisite=requirement
Considerably=significant
Derive=obtain
integral=essential
proper=appropriate
mean=average
accountfor=explain
discrepancy=inconsistence
striking=noteworthy
口语
Task 1
题目：
If a foreign friend is going to visit your hometown and doesn' t know what to pack. what suggestions do you have for him?
范文：
If aforeign friend is going to visit my hometown, I'd definitely suggest him topack two things. One of them is a map. I live inBeijing. If s a metropolitan city where one can easily get lost. For instance,there are 7 different subway lines that stretch out all around the city. Whenmy cousin who' s born and raised in the US came to Beijing for the first time,he took the wrong subway line and ended up in a place out of nowhere and sincehe had no map and could not speak Chinesevery well, he couldn' t ask for help. So I, d say a map is a necessity when youvisit a place for the very first time. Besides that a smart phone would be asmart thing to pack too. A smart phone nowadays can solve all kinds ofproblems. For instance, last time when I went toEurope, I used Google translator on my phone to talk tolocal people. It was very convenient and a lot of fun as well.
Task 2
题目：
Someteachers let students choose topics that interest them on research papers.Others assign topics on research papers. Which one do you prefer?
范文：
I thinkit' s better if teachers let students choose topics that interest them onresearch papers for the following reasons. First of all, students will be muchmore motivated when writing about something they actually like. Take myself asan example, my second-grade English teacher Miss Mayim once assigned a researchpaper for us and she allowed us to write about whatever that interested us, so I decided to write about my favorite musical Cats. I worked very hard for it and I had more thanenough motivation because I had fun learningabout and writing about this musical. I gave up sleepingin during weekends and pulled all-nighters to work on this paper and I enjoyed every second of it. Secondly, students learn more when theywrite about things that interest them. Sometimes when teachers assign topics
onresearch papers, students are forced to write about things they take absolutelyno interest in and they end up copying some random article on the internet. Andthat' s completely a waste of time and won' t help the students in any way.
Task 3
相关内容回忆：
Studentin the letter proposes that theuniversity should create a web site for student musicians where they could find people of the same interests and postinformation about concerts or music-related events.The woman in the listening likes it because firstly she says that she andher friends always practice songs together, and they play rock music. But they don't happen to know a drummerwho could play the drum. But now with thewebsite, they could find one easily. Second, she says that when she goes to campus concerts, there are few peoplethere. She thinks that's because peopledon't know about those concerts. So now with the website, more people will come to the concerts.
范文：
Thestudent suggests that the university should create a special website forstudent musicians due to two reasons. The first reason is that it will beeasier to get in touch with people who share the sameinterests with them. The second reason is that it will be a convenient way topost information about concerts and events. In the conversation, the womanagrees with the suggestion. In the first reason, she mentions that she starteda band with some of her friends and they always practice together, but they' remissing a good drummer in the band. If there was a website like this, it wouldbe much easier for them to find a drummer for their band. As for the secondreason, the woman points out that there are few people there when she goes tocampus concerts and stuff because people don' t know about these events, thiswebsite could help people stay updated about music-related events on campus.
Task 4
相关内容回忆：
Signalredundancy means that animals will send the same message with differenttypes of signals to inform the other animals of the same species. In theprofessor's example, he says that a group of deer sometimes will graze together andsometimes one of the deer would go off and eat on its own. And when this deersees a predator like a lion approaching, it will raise its tails to inform therest of the deer to run away from the area. But sometimes the other deer cannotsee the signal. So this particular deer will also dump its foot on thefound to make some noise, when other deer near the noise, they will run away.
范文：
In thelecture, the professor talks about the concept of signal redundancy which meansanimals will send the same message with different types of finals to informother animals of the same species. He offers us an example to illustrate it.Deer sometimes graze together and once in awhile one of the deer will go off and eat on its own. When thisdeer sees a predator like a lion coming, it will raise its tail as a signal toalert the other deer so that they have a chance to run away from the area. Butwhen the other deer miss this signal, this particular deer will instead stompon the ground to make noise. And when other deer hear this noise, they will runaway to a safer area.
Task5
相关内容回忆：
Problem:a student hurt herself when playing basketball. Got a pulled muscle. Butshe has important games coming up. First, stop playing to let the musclerecover faster. Second do some exercise before play games?
范文：
Thewoman, s problem is that she got injured while playing basketball but she hasan important game coming up. There are two possible solutions for him. Thefirst one is to join the game anyway. And second solution is to take a rest andgive herself some time to recover. If I were in her shoes,I’d go for the second solution
becausewith the proper treatment she will be able to recover pretty soon and I'm surethere are a lot of other opportunities for her in the future. I personally don' t recommend the other solution because it willdefinitely make her injury worse and may even cause long-term muscle injury.It' s just not worth it to give up her healthfor this one game. That, s why in this case I thinkthe second solution is a much smart option.
Task 6
相关内容回忆：
Twoadvantages of fire for early humans. One is to allow them to make betterstone tools. For example ,they could use fire to heat the stone to a hightemperature which could chip the stone to a sharp edge like a sharp blade, sothe early humans could hunt more effectively. The other is to improve the earlyhumans ,diet. For instance, raw potatoes were hard to digest. But if they usedthe fire to heat the potatoes, they would become much easier to digest.
范文：
In thelecture, the professor talks about two advantages fire brought for earlyhumans. The first one is that it increased the efficiency of hunting. Fire madeit possible for them to make better stone tools. For instance； they used to heat stones to a high temperaturewhich then chipped the stones into sharp blades. These tools helped earlyhumans hunt much more effectively than before. The second advantage is that itimproved the early human1 s diet. For instance, humans used to eatraw vegetables and they were difficult to digest. But if they cooked thesepotatoes on fire, they could take in much more calories and their life qualitywas improved by fire too.
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对话1：办公室场景
学生说学校的anthropology department 很好，所以尽管university在家乡，她还是愿意在这里上学，然后学生找教授希望能写一封推荐信好帮助她在暑假的时候找到一份summer job，就类似于之前在教授出差在Mexico的时候，她帮助教授看房子这样的工作，教授觉得可以，然后说他现在缺一个assistant(anthropology方面)，你不介意的话就给我帮忙，还带薪水。学生一口答应了，因为她这样不仅可以自己在外面打工，还可以跟教授一起做事情。教授最后说，那你记得去跟秘书去预约一个appointment，这样我可以详细跟你谈谈工作的事情。
讲座1 经济学
讲解酶这个东西在fabric industry的应用。以牛仔裤为例：很久以前人们买裤子只有dark blue没有那种水洗之类的风格，后来制作商发现，水洗风格很受大家欢迎，于是开始着手生产水洗牛仔裤。最初的办法是一种stone来制造，但是发现这种东西除了能制造出水洗的风格，还会刮烂裤子，所以不太好。然后，他们采用acid来制造水洗效果，但是acid有毒，同时对环境污染大，环保agency总是用法律来制裁这些公司，搞得生产成本增高。最后就用酶来制造水洗效果，同样也需要一个wash的过程，但是更环保，成本更低。
讲座2：天文学
球形闪电：球形闪电和一般的闪电不一样，可以持续10s乃至更长时间，同时可以在地面出现。然后教授就开始讲述几种关于球形闪电形成的猜想：
第一种：人们认为球形闪电是charged plasma，但后来发现，如果是plasma的话，没办法解释。为什么球形闪电出现在地表，同时还不能解释一个现象。
第二种：人们觉得是silicon vapor球形闪电主要是由于细小的charged silicon粒子，然后科学家们在实验室里面就用这个理念合成出球形闪电。这种人工球形闪电可以持续8s跟自然界的差不太多，所以很好的支持了silicon vapor的理论。但是后来又发现有些时候球形闪电可以直接穿墙而过，比如飞机的在天上飞行，球形闪电可以直接穿过它的金属外壳，所以教授说，或许球形闪电其实还可以由其他的粒子组成，比如铝(aluminum)。
结尾教授讨论了一下，观察球形闪电的事情，因为球形闪电很难看到，不像一般闪电，用一架照相机就可以研究，所以很多人甚至认为球形闪电是一种optical illusion，但是教授觉得仅仅只是因为资料太少，所以研究才比较缓慢。
对话2:学生服务场景
一个英语专业的学生想搞bio research，然后就去一个地方找老师问关于research的scholarship的事情。老师说research一般在另外一个学校进行，因为那里靠海，比较好做bio research。后来老师发现这个学生居然是英语专业的，问他为什么要做bio research，学生说我喜欢写scientific writing，老师说，一般让外专业学生来做research不合适，但要学生问问dean，dean管这个事情。同时还能给他建议，然后说给学生安排一个下周的见面。学生说一定会好好解释，不让dean觉得我浪费时间。
讲座3: 生物学讲座
讲鱼是怎么进化成陆地爬行动物，教授先说发现一个足迹的track，这个track可以追溯到375-395billion年以前，这比人们普遍认为的鱼向爬行动物生物进化的年代还要早了20 million年。所以这个发现challenge人们对于鱼进化的成陆地生物的时间。接着教授讲了一种生物，她们没有那种bony的结构，但是由lung，所以这种生物花更多时间在水外面，另外这种生物不像一般的鱼有一种C开头的结构，所以她们的neck更加flexible更利于陆地生存。然后教授又说一种E开头的水中生物，后面的大致描述了E生物的脚跟一般水中生物脚不同，她们的leg更像陆地生物具体什么的，然后教授说应该是T生物是从E生物进化来的，但是化石evidence发现T比E更久远，所以E不是T的祖先。这时候学生说或许只是因为T更久远的化石没有背发现而已。教授说：有可能，所以我们一开始说的哪个track的事情很可能是人们没发现更久远的陆生生物化石而已，然后教授又接着说了一种生物，她们有leg就像陆地生物一样，但是leg的position长的有问题，所以没办法支撑她们在陆地上行走。
讲座4: 心理学
研究情绪在经济学中的作用。教授一开始说，一般的经济模型是不考虑情绪的作用，她们一直认为人是rational的，所以在卖东西的时候不会受情绪的影响。同时教授终点提到了一个人，这个人在经济学领域很有影响力，但是他否定情绪的作用，所以情绪长期以来被忽略了，但现在很多人开始研究情绪了。
首先人买东西有两种下决定的方式：一个是integral，另一个是incidental。前一种直接与choice本身挂钩。然后学生就按照老师的思路开始举例说：情绪可以影响人的行为，首先一个女生说生气的人appreciate risky比一般人的更好，后来另外一个男生说sad的人更容易花钱，这个学生描述了一个research研究者给参加的人看video，一组人看neutral 的片子，一组人看sad 的片子，然后让他们做一个花钱测试，后来发现看sad片子的人花钱多，另外就算研究者告诉看sad片子的人她们花更多的钱是受了sad片子的影响，她们大多不相信offend this idea。
写作
综合写作： Chacoans部落修路的原因
阅读：
1. 用于货物运输，促进经济、适应环境；
2. 西南部美国人有着“北方崇拜”的宗教信仰，把“北方”作为主方向；
3. 修路是用来军事防御的，可以让军队快速通过。
听力反驳：
1. 过去没有交通工具，基本上都是靠走路来运送货物。如果是走路，一米宽的路就足够了，但是这条路有十米宽，所以不是用来运输货物的；
2. 没有证据表明Chacoans部落和西南部有着相同的宗教信仰，所以不可信；
3. 这样的路军队能用，敌军也能用，这样反而会加速战争的失败。
独立写作：
The school has been funding for students to participate in different types of activities, but this year, since the lack of money, the school will fund one activity, which one do you think is the one the school should fund: sports, arts and volunteering (help development of community)?
是否新题：是
题材：教育类
观点：把资金用在艺术上
写作思路：
1. 参与高质量的艺术活动可以帮助学生全面发展。学生需要花很长时间学习一项艺术技能，在学习过程中，他会学到解决问题的能力，以及各种宝贵人生经验，比如坚持，动手能力等等；
2. 把资金用在艺术活动上有益于学习的长期发展。如果学校有很好的艺术声誉，就能吸引学生或家长的注意力，甚至是全国的名声。
范文：
In recent years, more and more parents and educators have begun to accept the philosophy that the diversity of extracurricular activities is same important as quality of academic education. Given the uncertainty over the school’s financial prospect, I am inclined to the option of allocating most of the budget concerned with student activities to arts. The activities not only can benefit students to form a positive attitude toward life, funding the art programs can also contribute to the development of school in the long term.
First of all, participating in high quality and resourceful arts helps the students to become well-rounded. It often takes months for a student to acquaint himself with an art skill. In the process of completing an art project, the hands-on experience not only can hone the student’s problem-solving ability, the activity also teaches valuable life lessons such as teamwork, goal-setting, the realities of dealing with success and failure and the significance of practicing to become an expert. As a result, the student will be aware of the fact that the quality of perseverance is the key of mastering a skill regardless of fine arts, music or dance. Indeed, the student’s personality will be fully developed by acquiring the do-it-yourself ability and knowing that the continued effort will reward you with the achievement of your goal.
What is more, making investment in arts is conducive to the school’s prosperity and sustainable development in the long term. When a school encounters financial difficulty, it should focus on how to increase its revenue rather than reducing expenditure. The school with excellent arts is likely to attract attention from local parents and students who are interested in art programs. If the school carries on the investment, it may acquire influence spreading across the country. In the event of winning national reputation, the efforts can culminate in substantial monetary gains as parents will be willing to donate a large sum of endowments in order to win a place for their children in the school. As a result, it will be a natural course of action that the issue of lack of funds no longer troubles the school.
In conclusion, taken the benefits discussed above into consideration, I support the idea that the school should allocate most of its capital to arts.
阅读
第一篇
youngsun paradox,太阳光以前没有那么亮后来逐年变亮，按道理说地球应该很冷到那时地球以前也有液态水，然后就说是然后有人说这和地球上的life有关， 他们自己就形成了一个系统能够自动调节气候。大致是光合作用greenhouse effect之类，阻止地面反弹的辐射重新回到太空，这种机制被叫做GIGA，GIGA的意思是希腊中的神，类似于万物之母的意思，后面就开始说这个效应也不是万能的，最后说这个理论还是比较合理的。
第二篇
首先定义有机物和无机物，然后说其实开始是不分的， 直到1810年科学家才开始这么分类，以前都是按照动物、植物来划分。然后说虽然科学家很想研究有机物，但是其实当他们研究无机物的吋候获得的成就更多一些，这是因为自然界存在很多纯净的无机物，比如说硫，然后讲了一个实验，科学家烧了无机物得到各种气体固体还有液体之类的，然后通过实验研究气体的质量和数量来了解它的构成。
第三篇
14世纪欧洲经济的衰退。首先因为气温变低，虽然就低了那么几度，但是稍微一点温度的变化都会对农业产生很大的影响，由于气温低了影响了农业，农作物产量就会下降，农民的生活就变得很惨，于是就拿不出钱， 农业不好，资本又少了。然后因为东亚一个M帝国的崛起，M重视信仰轻视商业，因此欧洲向亚洲的贸易之路就逐渐衰退了，他们开始向大西洋和非洲发展。
这次考试的托福阅读词汇题：
prerequisite=requirement
Considerably=significant
Derive=obtain
integral=essential
proper=appropriate
mean=average
accountfor=explain
discrepancy=inconsistence
striking=noteworthy
口语
Task 1
题目：
If a foreign friend is going to visit your hometown and doesn' t know what to pack. what suggestions do you have for him?
范文：
If aforeign friend is going to visit my hometown, I'd definitely suggest him topack two things. One of them is a map. I live inBeijing. If s a metropolitan city where one can easily get lost. For instance,there are 7 different subway lines that stretch out all around the city. Whenmy cousin who' s born and raised in the US came to Beijing for the first time,he took the wrong subway line and ended up in a place out of nowhere and sincehe had no map and could not speak Chinesevery well, he couldn' t ask for help. So I, d say a map is a necessity when youvisit a place for the very first time. Besides that a smart phone would be asmart thing to pack too. A smart phone nowadays can solve all kinds ofproblems. For instance, last time when I went toEurope, I used Google translator on my phone to talk tolocal people. It was very convenient and a lot of fun as well.
Task 2
题目：
Someteachers let students choose topics that interest them on research papers.Others assign topics on research papers. Which one do you prefer?
范文：
I thinkit' s better if teachers let students choose topics that interest them onresearch papers for the following reasons. First of all, students will be muchmore motivated when writing about something they actually like. Take myself asan example, my second-grade English teacher Miss Mayim once assigned a researchpaper for us and she allowed us to write about whatever that interested us, so I decided to write about my favorite musical Cats. I worked very hard for it and I had more thanenough motivation because I had fun learningabout and writing about this musical. I gave up sleepingin during weekends and pulled all-nighters to work on this paper and I enjoyed every second of it. Secondly, students learn more when theywrite about things that interest them. Sometimes when teachers assign topics
onresearch papers, students are forced to write about things they take absolutelyno interest in and they end up copying some random article on the internet. Andthat' s completely a waste of time and won' t help the students in any way.
Task 3
相关内容回忆：
Studentin the letter proposes that theuniversity should create a web site for student musicians where they could find people of the same interests and postinformation about concerts or music-related events.The woman in the listening likes it because firstly she says that she andher friends always practice songs together, and they play rock music. But they don't happen to know a drummerwho could play the drum. But now with thewebsite, they could find one easily. Second, she says that when she goes to campus concerts, there are few peoplethere. She thinks that's because peopledon't know about those concerts. So now with the website, more people will come to the concerts.
范文：
Thestudent suggests that the university should create a special website forstudent musicians due to two reasons. The first reason is that it will beeasier to get in touch with people who share the sameinterests with them. The second reason is that it will be a convenient way topost information about concerts and events. In the conversation, the womanagrees with the suggestion. In the first reason, she mentions that she starteda band with some of her friends and they always practice together, but they' remissing a good drummer in the band. If there was a website like this, it wouldbe much easier for them to find a drummer for their band. As for the secondreason, the woman points out that there are few people there when she goes tocampus concerts and stuff because people don' t know about these events, thiswebsite could help people stay updated about music-related events on campus.
Task 4
相关内容回忆：
Signalredundancy means that animals will send the same message with differenttypes of signals to inform the other animals of the same species. In theprofessor's example, he says that a group of deer sometimes will graze together andsometimes one of the deer would go off and eat on its own. And when this deersees a predator like a lion approaching, it will raise its tails to inform therest of the deer to run away from the area. But sometimes the other deer cannotsee the signal. So this particular deer will also dump its foot on thefound to make some noise, when other deer near the noise, they will run away.
范文：
In thelecture, the professor talks about the concept of signal redundancy which meansanimals will send the same message with different types of finals to informother animals of the same species. He offers us an example to illustrate it.Deer sometimes graze together and once in awhile one of the deer will go off and eat on its own. When thisdeer sees a predator like a lion coming, it will raise its tail as a signal toalert the other deer so that they have a chance to run away from the area. Butwhen the other deer miss this signal, this particular deer will instead stompon the ground to make noise. And when other deer hear this noise, they will runaway to a safer area.
Task5
相关内容回忆：
Problem:a student hurt herself when playing basketball. Got a pulled muscle. Butshe has important games coming up. First, stop playing to let the musclerecover faster. Second do some exercise before play games?
范文：
Thewoman, s problem is that she got injured while playing basketball but she hasan important game coming up. There are two possible solutions for him. Thefirst one is to join the game anyway. And second solution is to take a rest andgive herself some time to recover. If I were in her shoes,I’d go for the second solution
becausewith the proper treatment she will be able to recover pretty soon and I'm surethere are a lot of other opportunities for her in the future. I personally don' t recommend the other solution because it willdefinitely make her injury worse and may even cause long-term muscle injury.It' s just not worth it to give up her healthfor this one game. That, s why in this case I thinkthe second solution is a much smart option.
Task 6
相关内容回忆：
Twoadvantages of fire for early humans. One is to allow them to make betterstone tools. For example ,they could use fire to heat the stone to a hightemperature which could chip the stone to a sharp edge like a sharp blade, sothe early humans could hunt more effectively. The other is to improve the earlyhumans ,diet. For instance, raw potatoes were hard to digest. But if they usedthe fire to heat the potatoes, they would become much easier to digest.
范文：
In thelecture, the professor talks about two advantages fire brought for earlyhumans. The first one is that it increased the efficiency of hunting. Fire madeit possible for them to make better stone tools. For instance； they used to heat stones to a high temperaturewhich then chipped the stones into sharp blades. These tools helped earlyhumans hunt much more effectively than before. The second advantage is that itimproved the early human1 s diet. For instance, humans used to eatraw vegetables and they were difficult to digest. But if they cooked thesepotatoes on fire, they could take in much more calories and their life qualitywas improved by fire too.
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