托福听力
 
托福听力经典加试

 
         在托福改革后,新托福考试机经重复率变得很小,但是经典加试的重复率极高,比如像大王花这道植物学题,和浪漫主义、新古典主义这道文学题目,以及神经胶质细胞这道微生物题目,考生一定要做到耳熟能详,听觉形象的快速建立。下面我们来看看Ragtime Music和Conversation.
  Ragtime介绍了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐,能够表现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的,此乐流行是由于piano的关系,因为两者真是太搭配了。在那个年代,在各种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行程度,(like Rock & Roll在某一时期一样)。这里出现考点,女学生说了一堆后,来了一句 I just don't get it,意思是要教授explain,还说piano 之所以当时那么受欢迎,一是因为它能与音律产生和谐,另一是因为当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上,那个年代,大家都没钱,就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐,而piano声音够响亮,又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝,所以,两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢,因为很有激情。除了到处演出啊,park演出等不用钢琴,因为难搬(出现考点)because of transportation problem。 同时,此乐也是 jazz的前身,因为演奏者不按牌理出牌,一首曲七个人弹,弹出七种调。这种regtime音乐影响很远啊,例如现在的jazz就是从那发展来的。
  Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐)
     Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a "rag". A rag written in 3/4 time is a "ragtime waltz".
     Ragtime is not a "time" (meter) in the same sense that march time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating". He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing...".[1] The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number.
Conversation
  主题:神经胶质细胞研究
  内容简介:教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron,让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容,男生说bioelectricity(生物电) 通过神经细胞传导,通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞,有趣的是说到这里被教授打断,说他答得已经很完整了(有题目出现,问教授打断他的用意)。glial cells(神经胶质细胞)的作用在早期被忽视了,人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用,不是通过生物电,而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式,神经细胞间,胶质细胞间,神经和胶质细胞互相传导。而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大,远多于神经细胞。同时还可能有修复神经细胞,决定哪些神经长的大。教授又说,胶质细胞可能与智力有关,越多智商越高,但这不确定。教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很开阔的领域,建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究(有题目出现)。
  本篇文章要点:
  分析:本篇文章所涉及的正是托福听力中最难的关于生物学方面的知识,所以其中的生词非常多,比如glial cell等,但是同学们要注意,凡是托福听力中涉及到的生词,都会出现一些解释原则对其进行解释说明,比如会出现which means等词语。
  biology 讲glial cell(神经胶质细胞)。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron(神经元),也叫nerve cell。神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点,神经元被认为起主要作用,glial cell(神经胶质细胞)研究的很少,一直被忽略,被看作help the growth of neurons(有题目出现),起辅助作用。
  后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell(神经胶质细胞)比neuron(神经细胞)的数目多很多,glial cell(神经胶质细胞)引起了科学家的重视,开始研究它究竟起什么作用(有题目出现,问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的)。
  后来有一重大突破, 发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal,而是用chemical conductor(有题目出现)。传统观点一直误以为glial cell也像nerve cell一样用电信号。后来谈到glial cell可能的作用:使人更intelligent。
  对glial cell的认识目前十分有限,但相关研究已经开始流行,是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题(有题目出现)。