托福阅读
 
托福阅读备考方法

 

         托福阅读 除了词汇量较大以外,托福阅读句子结构复杂也是托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句,必须迅速把握其主干和重点,因为托福考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点,对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握难句的主干和重点,首先要弄清它们的类型。简而言之,托福中的难句主要包括下列类型:
  1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)
  2.同位语
  3.并列结构
  4.that引导的各种从句
  5.插入结构
  6.独立主格
  7.倒装句
  8.强调句
  9.虚拟语气
   对于不同类型的难句,把握主干的方法也不一样。以倒装句为例,主要有下列情况:
  1.方位副词放在句首
  Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。
  2.介词放在句首
  Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。
  3. 形容词放在句首
  Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。
  4.过去分词放在句首
  Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent。
  5.现在分词放在句首
  Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。
   句子倒装的目的主要有两个:
  一是被提前的部分被强调,如上述的第四句:Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”,其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are之后:Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前,是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡,否则将导致头重脚轻的效果,如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例,按照正常语序应该是:Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕,因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans),而谓语部分were missing until recently较短,容易造成头重脚轻的效果。第五句将missing提前,避免了这一现象。
  为了考试时能迅速把握句子的主干,需要较多的阅读和分析。笔者编著的《新托福阅读高分策略》(高等教育出版社)一书的第三部分收集了托福考试中已经出现过的经典难句120句,并对它们进行了分类,只要弄懂它们的结构和意思,反复分析,考试时就能做到驾轻就熟了。
断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中,但是没有直接加以说明,需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG, 在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中,每篇会有0-2道这类问题,一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。
  一、推理题的两大分类:有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
  这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。一般来说,大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点,采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
  二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路:
  1、一般对比推理:根据两个事情的对比特征,问其中一个事物的特征,只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
  2、时间对比推理:在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
  3、集合概念推理 :一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之,相同。这个比较抽象,我们来看一个例子:
  例如:Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
  What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
  (A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
  (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
  (C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
  (D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
  文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降,所以(B)为正确答案。
  三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点:
  1.日期和数字。
  2.关键词: 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词:may, can , could…;表示过去的:used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的: not only ,not exclusively等。
  总之,文中的关键词,观点,逻辑和平时的基本常识是解决这类问题的关键。